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TASKS 1000-1052
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| TASK NUMBER |
TITLE |
| 1000 |
Participate In A Crew Mission Briefing |
| 1004 |
Plan a Visual Flight Rules Flight |
| 1011 |
Determine Aircraft Performance Parameters Using Tabular Data |
| 1016 |
Perform internal load operations |
| 1026 |
Maintain Airspace Surveillance |
| 1028 |
Perform Hover Power Check |
| 1030 |
Perform Hover Out-of-Ground Effect Check |
| 1032 |
Perform Radio Communications Procedures |
| 1034 |
Perform Ground Taxi |
| 1038 |
Perform Hovering Flight |
| 1040 |
Perform Visual Meteorological Condition Takeoff |
| 1044 |
Navigate By Pilotage And Dead Reckoning |
| 1046 |
Perform Electronically Aided Navigation |
| 1048 |
Perform Fuel Management Procedure |
| 1052 |
Perform Visual Meteorological Condition Flight Maneuvers |
TASK 1000: Participate in a crew mission briefing
CONDITIONS : Before flight in a helicopter, given DA Form 5484 ( Mission Schedule/Briefing ) and a unit-approved crew briefing checklist.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- The pilot in command (PC) will actively participate in and acknowledge an understanding of DA Form 5484 mission briefing.
- The PC will conduct or supervise an aircrew mission briefing using figure 4-1 or a more detailed unit-approved crew briefing checklist.
- Crewmembers will verbally acknowledge a complete understanding of the aircrew mission briefing.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- A designated briefing officer will evaluate and brief essential areas of the mission to the PC in accordance with AR 95-1. The PC will acknowledge a complete understanding of the mission brief and initial DA Form 5484.
- The PC has overall responsibility for the crew mission briefing. The PC may direct other crewmembers to perform all or part of it.
- Crewmembers will direct their attention to the crewmember conducting the briefing. They will address any questions to the briefer and acknowledge that they understand the assigned actions, duties, and responsibilities. Lessons learned from previous debriefings should be addressed as applicable during the crew briefing.
Note : An inherent element of the mission briefing is establishing the time and location for the crew level after-action review. (See Task 1262)
- Procedures. Brief the mission using a unit-approved crew mission briefing checklist.
Table below shows a suggested format for the minimum mandatory crew-briefing checklist. Identify mission and flight requirements that will demand effective communication and proper sequencing and timing of actions by the crewmembers.
| CREW BRIEFING CHECKLIST |
- Mission overview.
- Execution.
- Flight routes and altitudes.
- Estimated time en route
- Fuel and refuel requirements
- Weather and NOTAMS. Departure, en route, destination, and void time.
- Required items, mission equipment, and personnel.
- Airspace surveillance procedures (Task 1026).
- Assign primary scan sectors.
- Analysis of the aircraft.
- Logbook and preflight deficiencies.
- Performance planning.
- Recompute PPC, if necessary.
- Predicted hover torque.
- Max torque available and GO / NO GO data.
- VNE.
- Mission deviations required based on aircraft analysis.
- Crew actions, duties, and responsibilities.
- Crew Coordination (two challenge rule, most conservative response, standard terminology).
- Transfer of flight controls (3-way positive).
- Emergency actions.
- Mission considerations.
- Inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).
- Egress procedures, removal of injured personnel and rendezvous point.
- Actions to be performed by pilot on the controls (P*), pilot not on the controls (P), and nonrated crewmember (NCM).
- NVG failure.
- Emergency coordination.
- Aircraft control.
- Engine failure.
- Dynamic rollover.
- Servo hardover.
- General crew duties.
- Pilot on the controls (P*).
- Fly the aircraft - primary focus outside when visual meteorological conditions (VMC), inside when IMC.
- Avoid traffic and obstacles.
- Crosschek systems and instruments
- Monitor/transmit on radios as directed by the pilot in command (PC)
- Pilot not on the controls (P).
- Assists in traffic and obstacle avoidance.
- Tune radios and set transponder.
- Navigate.
- Copy clearances, automatic terminal information servives (ATIS) and mission information.
- Crosscheck systems and instruments.
- Monitor/transmit on radios as directed by the PC.
- Read and complete checklist items as required.
- Announce when focused inside for more than 2 to 3 seconds (VMC) and back outside.
- Both pilots
- Weapons (WPNs), sights and aircraft survivability equipment (ASE) considerations.
- Crew chief, medic and other assigned crewmembers
- Secure passengers and cargo
- Assist in traffic and obstacle clearance
- Perform other duties assigned by the PC.
- Risk assessment considerations
- Crewmembers' questions, comments and acknowledgment of mission briefing.
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TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS :
- Training will be conducted academically.
- Evaluation will be conducted academically.
REFERENCES : Appropriate common references plus the following: FM 3.04-300, DA Form 5484
TASK 1004 : Plan a visual flight rules flight
CONDITIONS : Before visual flight rules (VFR) flight in a helicopter and given access to weather information, notice to airmen (NOTAM), flight planning aids, necessary charts, forms, publications, and weight and balance information.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Determine if the aircrew and aircraft are capable of completing the assigned mission.
- Determine if the flight can be performed under VFR.
- Determine the correct departure, en route, and destination procedures.
- Select route(s) and altitudes that avoid hazardous weather conditions and best ensure mission completion without exceeding aircraft or equipment limitations. If appropriate, select altitudes that conform to VFR cruising altitudes.
- For cross-country flights, determine the distance ±1 nautical mile, true airspeed ±5 knots, ground speed ±5 knots, and estimated time en route (ETE) ±1 minute for each leg of the flight. Compute magnetic heading(s) ±5 degrees.
- Determine the fuel required ±100 pounds.
- Verify the aircraft will remain within weight and center of gravity (CG) limitations.
- Verify aircraft performance data and ensure sufficient power is available to complete the mission.
- Complete the flight plan.
- Perform mission risk assessment per unit SOP.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot in command (PC) will ensure that all crewmembers are current and qualified to perform the mission. The PC also will determine whether the aircraft is equipped to accomplish the assigned mission. The PC may direct the other crewmembers to complete some elements of the VFR flight planning.
- The other crewmembers will complete the assigned elements and report the results to the PC.
- Procedures. Using appropriate military, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), or hostcountry weather facilities, obtain information about the weather. After ensuring that the flight can be completed under VFR per AR 95-1, check notices to NOTAMs, chart update manuals (CHUMS) and other appropriate sources for any restrictions that apply to the flight. Obtain navigational charts that cover the entire flight area, and allow for changes in routing that may be required because of the weather or terrain. Select the course(s) and altitude(s) that will best facilitate mission accomplishment. Determine the magnetic heading, ground speed, and ETE for each leg. Compute total distance, flight time, and calculate the required fuel using a CPU-26A/P computer/Weems plotter (or equivalent) or air mission planning station (AMPS). Determine if the duplicate weight and balance forms in the aircraft logbook apply to the mission per AR 95-1. Verify that the aircraft weight and CG will remain within allowable limits for the entire flight. Complete the appropriate flight plan and file it with the appropriate agency.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS : More detailed planning is necessary at night because of visibility restrictions. Checkpoints used during the day may not be suitable for night or NVG use.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted academically.
- Evaluation will be conducted academically.
REFERENCES : Appropriate common references.
TASK 1011 : Determine aircraft performance parameters using tabular data
CONDITIONS : In a UH-1 helicopter or in a classroom environment, given aircraft gross weight (GWT) and pressure altitude (PA) and free air temperature (FAT), compute the aircraft maximum GWT, out of ground effect (OGE) torque required and in-ground effect (IGE) torque required from tabular data.
STANDARDS :
- Compute maximum torque TQ ± 1 psi.
- Compute maximum OGE GWT ± 100 pounds.
- Compute hover TQ ± 1 psi.
DESCRIPTION :
- Crew actions. The pilot in command (PC) will compute or direct other crewmembers to compute the aircraft performance data using the tab data from the operator’s manual. The PC will verify the accuracy of the computations, and ensure aircraft performance meets mission requirements. Limitations will not be exceeded.
- Procedures.
Note : When significant changes in the mission conditions occur, recompute the values. A significant change is defined as an increase of ±5 degrees, +500 feet PA or +200 pounds.
Hover Data
- PA – enter in the PA column.
- FAT – enter in the FAT column.
- Maximum OGE weight – read the maximum OGE weight.
- OGE hover torque – read the OGE torque needed to lift the maximum OGE weight.
Note : If the OGE weight is less than the structural limit, then the OGE hover torque is also the maximum torque. The engine is limited by exhaust gas temperature.
5. IGE hover torque – read the IGE torque needed to lift the maximum OGE weight.
6. For training purposes your hover power will be 1 psi of TQ less/more for every 200 pounds difference between the OGE weight and the aircraft’s actual GWT.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted academically or in the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted academically or in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Tabular Data
TASK 1016: Perform internal load operations
CONDITIONS : In a UH-1 helicopter loaded with passengers/cargo.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Rated.
- Perform or ensure that a thorough passenger briefing has been conducted and that a passenger manifest is on file, if applicable. (See Task 1002.)
- Ensure that the passengers and cargo are restrained.
- Ensure that floor-loading limits are not exceeded.
- Nonrated.
- Perform a thorough passenger briefing and ensure that a passenger manifest is on file, if applicable. Conduct the briefing per the appropriate aircraft operator’s manual/checklist (CL) and unit standing operating procedures (SOPs).
- Load the aircraft per the load plan, if applicable.
- Ensure that floor-loading limits are not exceeded.
- Secure passengers and cargo in accordance with the appropriate aircraft operator’s manual.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot in command (PC) will formulate a load plan, ensure that a DD Form 365-4 (Weight and Balance Form F–Transport/Tactical) is verified, if required, and ensure that the aircraft will be within gross weight (GWT) and center of gravity (CG) limits. The PC will ensure that the crew loads the cargo, proper tie down procedures are used, and any passengers receive a briefing. The PC will determine whether the aircraft is capable of completing the assigned mission and will ensure that aircraft limitations will not be exceeded.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will perform a hover power check before takeoff and ensure the maximum allowable GWT of the aircraft is not exceeded.
- The nonrated crewmember (NCM) will ensure passengers are seated and are wearing seat belts before takeoff. The NCM will monitor passengers and cargo during the flight for security.
- Procedures.
- Load cargo per the cargo plan or DD Form 365-4, as appropriate. Secure and restrain all cargo to meet restraint criteria. For additional information, see Task 1012, Verify aircraft weight and balance.
- Brief passengers for the flight and seat them according to the load plan or DD Form 365-4, as appropriate. Conduct the briefing per the appropriate aircraft operator’s manual/CL, unit SOP and information about the mission. Ensure that the passengers understand each element of the briefing. Note : If the aircraft is not shut down for loading, a passenger briefing may be impractical. Passengers may be prebriefed or passenger-briefing cards may be used per local directives or the unit SOP. Note : Hazardous cargo will be handled, loaded, and transported per AR 95-27.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training may be conducted in the aircraft or academically.
- Evaluation may be conducted in the aircraft or academically.
REFERENCES : Appropriate common references plus the following:
AR 95-27 , FM 10-450-2 , TM 55-1500-342-23 , DA Pam 738-751
TASK 1026 : MAINTAIN AIRSPACE SURVEILLANCE
CONDITIONS: In a helicopter in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) conditions.
STANDARDS: Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Brief airspace surveillance procedures prior to flight and assign primary scan sectors for each crewmember.
- Announce drift or altitude changes, clear the aircraft, and immediately inform other crewmembers of all air traffic or obstacles that pose a threat to the aircraft.
- Announce when attention is focused inside the aircraft for more than 2 to 3 seconds and then announce when attention is focused back outside.
- Maintain airspace surveillance in assigned scan sectors.
- When landing, the crew will confirm the suitability of the area and that the aircraft is clear of barriers.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot in command (PC) will brief airspace surveillance procedures prior to the flight. The briefing will include areas of responsibility and primary scan sectors.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will announce his intent to perform a specific maneuver and will remain focused outside the aircraft. The P* is responsible for clearing the aircraft and obstacle avoidance.
- The pilot not on the controls (P) and nonrated crewmember (NCM), as duties permit, will assist in clearing the aircraft and will provide adequate warning of obstacles, unusual drift, or altitude changes. They will announce when their attention is focused inside the aircraft and again when attention is reestablished outside.
- When landing, the crew will confirm the suitability of the area and that the aircraft is clear of barriers.
- Procedures.
- Maintain close surveillance of the surrounding airspace. Keep the aircraft clear from other aircraft and obstacles by maintaining visual surveillance (close, mid, and far areas) of the surrounding airspace. Inform the crew immediately of air traffic or obstacles that pose a threat to the aircraft. Call out the location of traffic or obstacles by the clock, altitude, and distance method. (The 12 o'clock position is at the nose of the aircraft.) Give distance in miles or fractions of miles for air traffic and in feet for ground obstacles. When reporting air traffic, specify the type of aircraft (fixed-wing or helicopter) and, if known, the model. The altitude of the air traffic should be reported as the same altitude, or higher, or lower than the altitude at which you are flying.
- Prior to changing altitude, visually clear the aircraft for hazards and obstacles inclusive of what is ahead, above, below, and to the left and right of the aircraft.
- Prior to performing a descending flight maneuver, it may sometimes be desirable to perform “S” turns to the left or right. The clearing “S” turns will provide the aircrew with a greater visual scan area.
- During a hover or hovering flight, inform the P* of any unannounced drift or altitude changes. When landing, the crew will confirm the suitability of the area.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS: The use of proper scanning techniques will assist in detecting traffic and obstacles, and in avoiding spatial disorientation. Hazards such as wires are difficult to detect.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted in the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references.
TASK 1028 : PERFORM HOVER POWER CHECK
CONDITIONS: In a helicopter at an appropriate hover height and with performance planning information available.
STANDARDS: Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Determine if sufficient power is available to perform the mission.
- Determine if wind condition exceeds directional control margin (DCM) or longitudinal cyclic values.
- Determine when the approach can be terminated to the ground due to center of gravity (CG) limits, if applicable (using indicated fuel).
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will announce his intent to bring the aircraft to a hover. The P* will remain focused outside the aircraft during the maneuver and will announce when the aircraft is stabilized at the desired hover altitude.
- The pilot not on the controls (P) and nonrated crewmember (NCM) will announce when ready for takeoff and will remain focused outside the aircraft to assist in clearing and to provide adequate warning of obstacles. They will acknowledge clear (left, right, rear, and above, as appropriate).
- The P will monitor the aircraft instruments. If the IGE NO-GO torque value is indicated prior to reaching the planned hover height used during the performance planning, the P will tell the P* to stop the hover power check and land the aircraft. The PC will confirm the GO / NO-GO torque and adjust the mission as required.
- The PC will determine whether the aircraft is capable of completing the assigned mission and will ensure that aircraft limitations will not be exceeded.
- The P will announce when the hover power check is completed.
- Procedures.
- The P* should use a 5-foot stationary hover (2-foot stationary hover when using tabular data) when performing this task unless the mission or terrain constraints dictate otherwise. If another hover height is required, the P* should use that height to compute GO/NO-GO torque and predicted hover torque.
- The P will monitor the aircraft instruments and verify the power check. The P will compare the actual performance data to that computed and announce the results to the P*. The crew will evaluate and determine why there are any differences between computed and actual performance data. Any time the load or environmental conditions change significantly (200 pounds gross weight increase, 500 feet PA increase, or ± 5 degrees Celsius), the crewmembers will perform additional hover power checks and, if necessary, recompute the PPC using tabular data. (See Task 1011.) Note: If the torque required to maintain a stationary hover does not exceed the GO/NO-GO torque out-of-ground effect (OGE), any maneuver requiring OGE/IGE power or less may be attempted. If the torque required to maintain a stationary hover exceeds the GO/NO-GO torque OGE but does not exceed the GO/NO-GO torque IGE, only IGE maneuvers may be attempted.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS: The crew must use proper scanning techniques to avoid excessive drift.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted in the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references.
TASK 1030 : PERFORM HOVER OUT-OF-GROUND EFFECT CHECK
CONDITIONS : In a UH-1 helicopter with hover out-of-ground effect (OGE) power available and the aircraft heading into the wind.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Establish a hover altitude of 50 feet or above surrounding obstacles whichever is higher.
- Determine if aircraft power and controllability are sufficient for maneuvers requiring OGE hover power.
DESCRIPTION : The P* will announce his intent to ascend vertically to 50 feet or above surrounding obstacles whichever is higher. The P* will remain focused outside the aircraft during the entire maneuver to maintain obstacle clearance. The P* will execute a 360-degree left pedal turn. The pilot not on the controls (P) will monitor the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), torque, and other aircraft instruments, and the nonrated crewmember (NCM) will maintain airspace surveillance. During the pedal turn, the P* will check the controllability of the aircraft. The P* will announce their intent to descend vertically to an in-ground effect (IGE) hover or to the ground. Note : Hover OGE power is required for this task. Note : The crew should perform a hover OGE check anytime aircraft controllability or available power is in doubt.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS:
- The P* may have difficulty maintaining altitude and position when hovering above 25 feet. (The barometric altimeter is not reliable for this maneuver.) If available, a radar altimeter should be used to assist in maintaining a constant altitude. Otherwise, references such as lights, tops of trees, or man-made objects above and to the front and sides of the aircraft should be used. By establishing a reference angle to these objects, the P* can detect changes in altitude by changes in their viewing perspective.
- Hovering near ground features, such as roads, provides ideal references for judging lateral movement. The P* may become spatially disoriented when changing viewing perspective back and forth between high and low references. Therefore, the P* must rely on the P and NCM for assistance in maintaining orientation.
- When wearing NVG, the crew must select an area with good ground contrast and several reference points at the same height, or at a greater height than the OGE hover. This will aid the P* in maintaining a constant altitude and position over the ground while making the required turns. The crew must use proper scanning techniques to ensure obstacle avoidance and tail rotor clearance. To prevent inadvertent aircraft movement while hovering OGE, the P* will remain focused outside the aircraft and the P will monitor all aircraft instruments.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted in the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references
TASK 1032 : Perform radio communication procedures
CONDITIONS: In a helicopter.
STANDARDS: Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Rated.
- Check and operate aircraft avionics.
- Establish radio contact with the desired unit or air traffic control (ATC) facility.
- When communicating with ATC facilities, use correct radio communication procedures and phraseology.
- Operate the intercommunication system.
- Perform or describe two-way radio failure procedures.
- Nonrated.
- Operate the intercommunication system to communicate with the crew.
- Use the appropriate radio to communicate with the desired facility (as required for nonrated crewmembers [NCMs).
DESCRIPTION :
- Crew actions.
- The pilot in command (PC) will determine radio frequencies per mission requirements during the crew briefing and will indicate whether the pilot on the controls (P*) or pilot not on the controls (P) will establish and maintain primary communications.
- The P* will announce information not monitored by the P.
- The P will adjust avionics to required frequencies. The P will copy pertinent information and announce information not monitored by the P*.
- During normal operations, the NCM will monitor external communications so as not to interrupt when external communications are being transmitted or received. (Monitoring external communications may not be desirable during operations requiring extensive internal communication; for example, sling loads, hoist, rappelling, or emergencies.)
- Certain operations may require that the NCM transmit on an aircraft radio (for example, MEDEVAC). The NCM will coordinate with the PC before using aircraft radios.
- Crew actions for two-way radio failure:
- P* or P will announce two-way radio failure to all crewmembers.
- The PC will direct the efforts to identify and correct the avionics malfunction.
- The P* will focus outside the aircraft during visual meteorological conditions (VMC) or inside during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) on the instruments, as appropriate, but should not participate in trouble-shooting the malfunction.
- The P will remain focused primarily inside the aircraft to identify and correct the avionics malfunction.
- Crew actions for aircraft intercom failure: The PC will direct assistance from the crew to try to determine the malfunction and correct it. Actions may include switching to a different intercommunication system (ICS) box, changing microphone cords (if available), hooking.
- Procedures.
- Adjust avionics to the required frequencies. Continuously monitor the avionics as directed by the PC. When required, establish communications with the desired facility. Monitor the frequency before transmitting. Transmit the desired/required information. Use the correct radio call sign when acknowledging each communication. When advised to change frequencies, acknowledge instructions. Select the new frequency as soon as possible unless instructed to do so at a specific time, fix, or altitude. Use radio communication procedures and phraseology as appropriate for the area of operations. Use standard terms and phraseology for all intercommunications
- Procedures for two-way radio failure. Attempt to identify and correct the malfunctioning radio and announce the results. If two-way radio failure is confirmed, comply with procedure outlined in the flight information handbook (FIH).
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training may be conducted in the aircraft or simulator.
- Evaluation may be conducted in the aircraft or simulator.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references plus the following:
DOT/FAA 7110.65
TASK 1034 : Perform Ground Taxi
CONDITIONS : In a Mi-17 helicopter or a Mi-17 FS on a suitable surface, with the before-taxi/after landing check completed, and the aircraft cleared.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards and the following additions/modifications:
- RCM.
- Maintain a constant speed appropriate for conditions and stay within ground control limitations.
- Maintain desired ground track.
- Maintain flight controls according to operators manual.
- NCM.
- Perform applicable checks in accordance with operator’s manual/CL and the unit SOP when read by the P.
- Immediately inform the RCMs of any observed discrepancy or malfunction.
- Clear the aircraft.
- Use hand-and-arm signals, if required, in accordance with FM 21-60.
DESCRIPTION:
- The P* will ensure the main-rotor revolutions per minute (RPM) is within limits and the parking brake is released. The P* will announce his intent to begin the taxi, state the taxi plan, and clear the aircraft.
- The P and CE will assist the P* in clearing the aircraft.
- The P* will initiate the taxi by increasing the collective slightly (a 1- to 3-degree pitch) and moving the cyclic slightly forward to start movement. Perform taxi check (brakes, heading and turn indicators). When the aircraft starts moving, reduce the collective to the minimum required to maintain movement at the desired speed. Control heading with the pedals. Use left and right pedal input to turn the aircraft and a slightly lateral cyclic into turns to maintain a level fuselage attitude (cyclic movement should be minimized to avoid droop-stop pounding). Regulate taxi speed with a combination of cyclic, collective, and necessary brake applications. Soft, rough, or sloping terrain may require the use of more or less power than would normally be required. Note. The P* may use lateral cyclic inputs to assist with directional control. These inputs are normally required while taxiing in a crosswind. Adhere to crosswind restrictions.
- When the NCM is required outside the aircraft during taxi, he or she will be positioned where the P*/P can clearly see all hand-and-arm signals or will remain attached to the aircraft communication system.
Note. Emergency stops may be performed with the wheel brakes or by bringing the aircraft to a hover, depending on ground velocity.
Note. Do not attempt cyclic aerodynamic braking during taxi. Note. Ground taxi is prohibited with wind speeds in excess of 29 knots (hovering is an alternative).
Note. If during taxi, helicopter vibration increases (ground resonance), immediately reduce collective, center the cyclic, and retard throttle to idle. If vibration persists, perform emergency shutdown (fuel stopcocks closed, fuel pumps off, fuel fire shutoff valves closed).
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS : Aircraft taxi at night or with NVG requires a constant scan by every crewmember to ensure obstacle clearance. Use of artificial illumination, such as the white or infrared (IR) landing/search lights, taxi light, and/or blade tip lights may be necessary for safe operations as determined by the P*. Position lights; anti collision light should be set to bright. The P* will utilize a ground guide when taxi is required in a congested area. Taxi speeds may need to be reduced.
SNOW/SAND/DUST CONSIDERATIONS: If ground reference is lost due to blowing snow/sand/dust, lower the collective, neutralize the flight controls, and apply wheel brakes until visual reference is reestablished.
Note. Use caution when taxiing near other maneuvering aircraft because of limited visual references and relative motion illusion.
Note. Due to decreased visual references and possibility of relative motion illusion, limit ground speed to a rate appropriate for conditions.
Note. At night, use the landing, search, taxi, blade tip, or anti collision lights may cause spatial disorientation in blowing snow/sand/dust.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted at the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted at the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references and FM 21-60.
TASK 1038 : PERFORM HOVERING FLIGHT
CONDITIONS : In a helicopter.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will announce their intent to perform a specific hovering flight maneuver and will remain focused primarily outside the aircraft to monitor altitude and avoid obstacles. The P* will ensure and announce that the aircraft is cleared prior to turning or re positioning the aircraft. The P* will announce terminating the maneuver.
- The pilot not on the controls (P) and nonrated crewmember (NCM) will assist in clearing the aircraft and provide adequate warning of obstacles, unannounced drift, or altitude changes. They will announce when their attention is focused inside the aircraft and again when attention is reestablished outside.
- Procedures.
- Takeoff to a hover. With the collective full down, place the cyclic in a neutral position. Increase the collective smoothly. Apply pedals to maintain heading, and coordinate the cyclic for a vertical ascent. As the aircraft leaves the ground, check for the proper control response and aircraft center of gravity (CG). Continue to increase collective for a smooth, controlled ascent to a hover.
- Hovering flight. Adjust the cyclic to maintain a stationary hover or to move in the desired direction. Control heading with the pedals, and maintain altitude with the collective. The rate of movement and altitude should be appropriate for existing conditions. To return to a stationary hover, apply cyclic in the opposite direction while maintaining altitude with the collective and heading with the pedals. Note: Air taxi is the preferred method for ground movements on airports provided ground operations and conditions permit. Unless otherwise requested or instructed, pilots are expected to remain below 100 feet above ground level (AGL). However, if a higher than normal airspeed or altitude is desired, the request should be made prior to lift-off. The pilot is solely responsible for selecting a safe airspeed for the altitude/operation being conducted. Use of air taxi enables the pilot to proceed at an optimum airspeed/altitude, minimize down wash effect, conserve fuel, and expedite movement from one point to another.
- Hovering turns. Apply pressure to the desired pedal to begin the turn. Use pressure and counter pressure on the pedals to maintain the desired rate of turn. Coordinate cyclic control to maintain position over the pivot point while maintaining altitude with the collective. Hovering turns can be made around any vertical axis; for example, the nose, mast, tail of the aircraft, or a point in front of the aircraft. However, turns other than about the center of the aircraft will increase the turn radius proportionately.
- Landing from a hover. Lower the collective to affect a smooth, controlled descent with minimal drift at touchdown. Ensure the aircraft does not move laterally or aft. Make necessary corrections with the pedals and cyclic to maintain a constant heading and position. On ground contact, ensure that the aircraft remains stable. Continue lowering the collective smoothly and steadily while continuing to check aircraft stability. When the collective is fully down, neutralize the pedals and cyclic. If sloping conditions are suspected or anticipated, (see Task 1062).
Note: Cyclic turns should only be used when necessary.
Note: When landing from a hover to an unimproved area, the crew must check for obstacles under the
aircraft.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS:
- Movement over areas of limited contrast, such as tall grass, water, or desert, tends to cause spatial disorientation. Seek hover areas that provide adequate contrast and use proper scanning techniques. If disorientation occurs, apply sufficient power and execute a takeoff. If a takeoff is not feasible, try to maneuver the aircraft forward and down to the ground to limit the possibility of touchdown with sideward or rearward movement.
- When performing operations during unaided night flight, ensure that the searchlight or landing light (white light) is in the desired position. Use of the white light will impair night vision for several minutes. Therefore, exercise added caution if resuming flight before reaching full dark adaptation.
SNOW/SAND/DUST CONSIDERATIONS: During ascent to a hover, if visual references do not deteriorate to an unacceptable level, continue ascent to the desired hover altitude.
- The 3 to 5-foot hover taxi. During takeoff to a hover, simultaneously accelerate the aircraft to a ground speed that keeps the snow/sand/dust cloud just aft of the main rotor mast. Note: Maintain optimum visibility by observing references close to the aircraft. Exercise caution when operating in close proximity to other aircraft or obstacles. Note: When visual references deteriorate making a 3-foot hover taxi unsafe, determine whether to abort the maneuver, air taxi, or perform an instrument takeoff (ITO) (Task 1170).
- The 20- to 100-foot air taxi. Use this maneuver when it is necessary to move the aircraft over terrain that is unsuitable for hover taxi. Initiate air taxi the same as a 3-foot hover, but increase altitude to not more than 100 feet and accelerate to a safe airspeed appropriate for conditions, above effective transitional lift (ETL).
Note: Ensure that an area is available to safely decelerate and land the aircraft. Under certain conditions, such as adverse winds, it may be necessary to perform a traffic pattern to optimize conditions at the desired termination point.
Note: Hovering out-of-ground effect (OGE) reduces available ground references and may increase the possibility of spatial disorientation. Be prepared to transition to instruments and execute an instrument takeoff (ITO) (Task 1170) or unusual attitude recovery (Task 1182) if ground reference is lost.
Note: At night, use of landing, search, or anti-collision light may cause spatial disorientation while in blowing snow/sand/dust.
Note: OGE power may be required for this maneuver.
CONFINED AREA CONSIDERATIONS : Select good references to avoid unanticipated drift. All crewmembers must be focused primarily outside for obstacle avoidance.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS :
- Training will be conducted in the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references.
TASK 1040 : PERFORM VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS TAKEOFF
CONDITIONS : In a helicopter with the hover power and before-takeoff checks completed.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Maintain takeoff heading ± 10 degrees below 50 feet above ground level (AGL).
- Maintain desired ground track.
- Maintain aircraft in trim above 50 feet AGL or as appropriate for transition to terrain flight.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot in command (PC) will determine the direction of takeoff by analyzing the tactical situation, the wind, the long axis of the takeoff area, and the lowest obstacles. The PC will confirm that required power is available by comparing the information from the performance planning card (PPC) to the hover power check.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will remain focused primarily outside the aircraft throughout the maneuver to provide obstacle clearance. The P* will announce whether the takeoff is from the ground or from a hover and his intent to abort or alter the takeoff. The P* will select reference points to assist in maintaining the desired ground track.
- The pilot not on the controls (P) and nonrated crewmember (NCM) will announce when ready for takeoff and will remain focused primarily outside the aircraft to assist in clearing and to provide adequate warning of obstacles. They will announce when their attention is focused inside the aircraft and again when their attention is reestablished outside.
- The P will monitor the instruments and advise the P* if power limits are being approached.
- Procedures.
- From the ground. Select reference points to maintain the desired ground track. With the cyclic and pedals in the neutral position, increase collective. As the aircraft leaves the ground, maintain heading with pedals and apply forward cyclic as required to smoothly accelerate through effective transitional lift (ETL) at an appropriate altitude for the terrain and to avoid obstacles. Adjust the cyclic as necessary (approximately 5 degrees nose down), obtain the desired climb airspeed, and maintain the desired ground track. Position the collective as necessary to clear obstacles in the flight path, and obtain the desired rate of climb. Maintain heading with the pedals when below 50 feet AGL or until transitioning to terrain flight; place the aircraft in trim above 50 feet AGL. After obtaining the desired airspeed, adjust the cyclic as necessary to stop the acceleration. Adjust the collective to continue or stop the rate of climb as required.
- From a hover. Select reference points to maintain desired ground track; maintain heading with the pedals. Apply forward cyclic to smoothly accelerate the aircraft through ETL while adjusting the collective to maintain the appropriate hover height. Perform the rest of the maneuver as for a takeoff from the ground.
Note: Avoid unnecessary nose-low accelerative attitudes. Do not exceed 10 degrees nose low.
Note: Performing this maneuver in certain environments may require hover out-of-ground effect (OGE) power. Evaluate each situation for power required versus power available. Note: The P* should determine the torque required for the planned takeoff technique and announce the value to the P and NCM(s).
Note: For training, recommended climb airspeed is 70 KIAS with a rate of climb of 500 FPM.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION CONSIDERATIONS:
- If sufficient illumination exists to view obstacles, accomplish the takeoff in the same way as a visual meteorological conditions (VMC) takeoff during the day. Visual obstacles, such as shadows, should be treated the same as physical obstacles.
- If sufficient illumination does not exist to view obstacles, perform an altitude-over-airspeed takeoff by applying takeoff power first followed by a slow acceleration to ensure obstacle clearance. The P* may perform the takeoff from a hover or from the ground.
- Maintain the takeoff power setting until approximately 10 knots prior to reaching climb airspeed. Adjust power as required to establish the desired rate of climb and cyclic to maintain the desired airspeed.
- The P* and NCM should maintain orientation outside the aircraft and concentrate on obstacle avoidance. The P should make all internal checks and announce when the instruments show a positive climb inside.
- Reduced visual references during the takeoff and throughout the ascent at night may make it difficult to maintain the desired ground track. Knowledge of the surface wind direction and velocity will assist in maintaining the desired ground track.
- When performing operations during unaided night flight, ensure that the searchlight or landing light (white light) is in the desired position. Use of the white light will impair night vision several minutes. Therefore, exercise added caution if resuming flight before reaching full dark adaptation.
SNOW/SAND/DUST CONSIDERATIONS: Adjust collective and cyclic as necessary to ascend vertically. As the aircraft leaves the surface, maintain heading with the pedals and a level attitude with the cyclic. As the aircraft clears the snow/sand/dust cloud and clears the barriers, accelerate to climb airspeed and trim the aircraft.
Note: In some cases, applying collective to blow away loose snow/sand/dust from around the aircraft is beneficial before performing this maneuver.
Note: Be prepared to transition to instruments and execute an ITO (Task 1075) if ground reference is lost.
Note: At night, use of the landing, search, or anti-collision lights may cause spatial disorientation while in blowing snow/sand/dust.
CONFINED AREA CONSIDERATIONS : Before departure, confirm the takeoff plan. Perform a hover power check as required. Reposition the aircraft, if desired, to afford a shallower departure angle and minimize power requirements. During departure, adjust the cyclic and the collective as required to establish a constant departure angle to clear obstacles. All crewmembers must be focused primarily outside for obstacle avoidance.
MOUNTAIN/PINNACLE/RIDGELINE CONSIDERATIONS: Analyze winds, obstacles, and density altitude. Perform a hover power check as required. Determine the best takeoff direction and path for conditions. After clearing any obstacles accelerate the aircraft to the desired airspeed. Note: Where drop-offs are located along the takeoff path, the aircraft may be maneuvered down slope to gain airspeed.
MUD/MUSKEG/TUNDRA CONSIDERATIONS: Perform one of the following takeoff techniques:
- From dry muskeg/tundra areas. A vertical takeoff may be best in drier areas where the aircraft has not sunk into the muskeg/tundra or where obstacles prohibit motion. Smoothly increase the collective until the crew confirms that the skids/skis are free. Adjust controls as necessary to perform a VMC takeoff.
- From wet areas. In wet areas where the aircraft is likely to have sunk or is stuck in the mud/muskeg/tundra, the following technique may be best: With the cyclic in the neutral position, smoothly increase the collective. As hover power is approached, place the cyclic slightly forward of the neutral position and slowly move the pedals back and forth. Continue increasing the collective and "swim" the aircraft forward to break the suction of the skids/skis. When free, adjust the controls as necessary to perform a VMC takeoff.
Note: Before performing operations in a mud/muskeg/tundra environment, it is important to understand dynamic rollover characteristics.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted in the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references.
TASK 1044 : NAVIGATE BY PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING
CONDITIONS: In a helicopter and given the appropriate maps, plotter, flight computer, and flight log.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications: Maintain orientation within 500 meters. Arrive at check points/destination at estimated time of arrival (ETA) ±3 minutes.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will focus primarily outside the aircraft and respond to navigation instructions or cues given by the pilot not on the controls (P). The P* will acknowledge commands issued by the P for the heading, altitude, and airspeed changes necessary to navigate the desired course. The P* will announce significant surface features to assist in navigation.
- The P will direct the P* to change aircraft heading, altitude, and airspeed as appropriate to navigate the desired course. The P will use rally terms, specific headings, relative bearings, or key terrain features to accomplish this task. The P will announce all plotted wires before approaching their location. The P and nonrated crewmember (NCM) will monitor aircraft instruments, assist in clearing the aircraft, and provide adequate warning to avoid traffic and obstacles. The P and NCM will announce when their attention is focused inside the aircraft and again when attention is reestablished outside.
- Procedures.
- Both pilotage and dead reckoning will be used to maintain the position of the aircraft along the planned route. Planned headings will be adjusted as necessary to compensate for the effects of the wind.
- Perform a ground speed check as soon as possible by computing the actual time required to fly a known distance. Adjust estimated times for subsequent legs of the flight route using the computed ground speed. Compare planned ground speed with computed ground speed and adjust airspeed as required to arrive at each control point at its original ETA.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS: More detailed flight planning is required when the flight is conducted at night. Interior cockpit lighting should be considered when selecting colors for preparing navigational aids such as maps and kneeboard notes.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted in the aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES : Appropriate common references.
TASK 1046 : PERFORM ELECTRONICALLY AIDED NAVIGATION
CONDITIONS : In a helicopter with an electronically aided navigation system installed and operational.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus the following additions/modifications:
- Operate the installed electronically aided navigational system per the appropriate TM.
- Determine the position of the aircraft along the route of flight within 300 meters.
- Use the NAV SEL per the appropriate aircraft operator’s manual if coupled with an electronically aided navigational system.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The P* will focus primarily outside the aircraft and respond to navigation instructions or cues given by the P. The P* will acknowledge commands issued by the P for the heading, altitude, and airspeed changes necessary to navigate the desired course. The P* will announce significant terrain features to assist in navigation.
- The P will be the primary operator of the electronically aided navigation system. The P will direct the P* to change aircraft heading, altitude, and airspeed as appropriate to navigate the desired course. The P will use rally terms, specific headings, relative bearings, or key terrain features to accomplish this task. The P will announce all plotted wires before approaching their location. The P and NCM will monitor aircraft instruments, assist in clearing the aircraft, and provide adequate warning to avoid traffic and obstacles. Note: Only the P will perform in-flight time/labor intensive NAV programming duties (for example, building routes).
- Procedures. Perform the turn on, test, and programming procedures per the appropriate TM. If the electronically aided navigational system is coupled, the selected course may be flown using the NAV SEL. The proper updating and shutdown procedures will be performed per the appropriate TM.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training. Training may be conducted in the aircraft or simulator.
- Evaluation. The evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references.
TASK 1048 : Perform fuel management procedures
CONDITIONS : In a helicopter with a CPU-26A/P computer (or equivalent) or calculator.
STANDARDS : Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Rated
- Verify that the required amount of fuel is on board at the time of departure.
- Initiate an alternate course of action if the actual fuel consumption varies from the planned value and the flight cannot be completed without the planned use of the required reserve.
- Balance/manage fuel tank levels to maintain aircraft within center of gravity (CG) limits.
- Rated/Nonrated.
- Initiate an in-flight fuel consumption check within 10 minutes after leveling off or entering into the mission profile.
- Compute the fuel consumption rate ±50 pounds per hour and complete the fuel check 15 to 30 minutes after taking the initial readings.
- Monitor the remaining fuel quantity and the continuing rate of consumption.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The P or NCM will record the initial fuel figures, fuel flow computation, burnout, and reserve times. They will announce when initiating the fuel check and when completing the fuel check. The P or NCM also will announce the results of the fuel check.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will acknowledge the results of the fuel check.
- The pilot in command (PC) will confirm the results of the fuel check.
- If applicable, the P will announce when the fuel transfer switch or fuel selector lever(s) are repositioned and when the fuel transfer operation is completed.
- The NCM will acknowledge and monitor the fuel transfer operation until the operation is completed.
- Procedures.
- Before-takeoff fuel check. Determine the total fuel on board, and compare it with fuel required for the mission. If the fuel on board is inadequate, add sufficient fuel or abort or revise the mission.
- Initial airborne fuel reading. Within 10 minutes after leveling off or entering into the mission profile, record the total fuel quantity and the time of reading. Record the remaining fuel and the time of reading 15 to 30 minutes after taking the initial airborne fuel reading. Compute and record the consumption rate, burnout time, and reserve entry time. Determine if the remaining fuel is sufficient to complete the flight without the planned use of the required reserve. If the amount of fuel is inadequate, initiate an alternate course of action. Note: Crews should verify ability to transfer fuel from auxiliary to internal tanks before using auxiliary tank fuel quantities in fuel reserve/burnout computations. Note: Do not perform fuel consumption checks while transferring fuel from auxiliary tank(s) to internal fuel tanks.
- Fuel quantity and consumption. Periodically monitor the fuel quantity and consumption rate. If the fuel quantity or flow indicates a deviation from computed values, repeat the fuel consumption check to determine if the amount of fuel is adequate to complete the flight. Periodically check individual fuel tank indicators to determine that the system is operating properly.
- Auxiliary fuel management. The aircraft operator's manual outlines the procedures to be followed when auxiliary fuel tanks are used.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE CONSIDERATIONS: The P should complete all duties associated with fuel management procedures. If the controls are transferred, the other aviator will verify fuel computations.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training may be conducted in the aircraft or simulator.
- Evaluation may be conducted in the aircraft or simulator.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references plus:
Manufacturer's operating manuals.
TASK 1052 : PERFORM VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS FLIGHT MANEUVERS
CONDITIONS : In a helicopter.
STANDARDS: Appropriate common standards plus these additions/modifications:
- Turns.
- Clear the aircraft.
- Rollout on desired heading ± 10 degrees.
- Climbs and descents.
- Clear aircraft.
- Stop climb/descent at desired altitude ± 100 feet.
- Traffic pattern flight.
- Enter, operate in, and depart a traffic pattern.
DESCRIPTION:
- Crew actions.
- The pilot on the controls (P*) will remain focused primarily outside the aircraft. They will announce and clear each turn, climb, and descent.
- The pilot not on the controls (P) and nonrated crewmember (NCM) will assist in clearing the aircraft and will provide adequate warning of traffic and obstacles. They will announce when their attention is focused inside the aircraft and again when attention is reestablished outside.
- Procedures. Adjust cyclic as required to maintain the desired airspeed, course, ground track, or heading as appropriate. Adjust collective as required to maintain the desired climb/descent rate or altitude and maintain aircraft in trim with the pedals. Perform traffic pattern operations per air traffic control (ATC) directives, local standing operating procedures (SOPs), and FM 1-203.
NIGHT OR NIGHT VISION CONSIDERATIONS:
- The P* will focus primarily outside the aircraft and should concentrate on obstacle avoidance and aircraft control. The P will make all internal cockpit checks.
- During periods of reduced illumination or marginal weather, the P* may reduce the recommended airspeed and bank angle. The turns from upwind to downwind and downwind to final may be continuous, coordinated turns.
TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS: For traffic pattern training, the recommended airspeed and rate of climb/descent on crosswind and base legs are 70 KIAS and 500 feet per minute (FPM). The recommended airspeed on downwind leg is 90 KIAS. Recommended bank angle for turns is 30 degrees.
TRAINING AND EVALUATION REQUIREMENTS:
- Training will be conducted in aircraft.
- Evaluation will be conducted in the aircraft.
REFERENCES: Appropriate common references.
